Phakathi kweengcinga ezidumileyo kunye nabaphandi abaphonononge amandla amava aguqula ingqondo ngualan Watts, Utimothy Leary, Uralph Metzner Kunye Noram Dass. Ezinye zeengxelo zabo zapapashwa Kwi-Psychedelic Review, ijenali ebalulekileyo ngelo xesha.
Imbali
Ngama-1950, amajelo eendaba aqhelekileyo anikezela ngeengxelo ezininzi zophando kwi-LSD kunye nokusetyenziswa kwayo okukhulayo kwi-psychiatry. Abafundi be-Undergraduate ye-psychology bathatha I-LSD, phantse ngokungaqhelekanga, njengenxalenye yezifundo zabo kwaye baxela ngeziphumo zayo. Phakathi kowe-1954 nowe-1959, iphephancwadi Itime lapapasha iingxelo ezintandathu ezibonisa ILSD ngendlela entle.
Ukususela phakathi kwee-1950, ababhali abanjengowilliam Burroughs, Ujack Kerouac no-Allen Ginsberg bathatha iziyobisi, kuquka i-cannabis Kunye Ne-Benzedrine, kwaye babhala malunga ne-cannabis kunye ne-Benzedrine.amava, aphakamisa ulwazi kwaye athandwa kakhulu ukusetyenziswa kwabo. Ekuqaleni kweminyaka yoo-1960, abaxhasi abadumileyo bokwandiswa kwengqondo njengotimothy Leary, Ualan Watts no-Aldous Huxley bakhuthaza ukusetyenziswa KWELSD kunye nezinye iingcali zengqondo, ezichaphazela kakhulu ulutsha.
Impembelelo Yenkcubeko
I-1960s yabona ukuvela okukhulu kwendlela yokuphila ye-psychedelic Ecalifornia, ngakumbi Esan Francisco, eyayikhaya kwifektri yokuqala ye-lsd engaphantsi komhlaba. Amanye amaqela aphambili egqwetha LE-Lsd nawo avele Ecalifornia. I-Merry Pranksters, yaxhasa Iimvavanyo Ze-Asidi, uthotho lweziganeko ezinje ngemiboniso yokukhanya, ukuboniswa kwefilimu kunye nomculo ophuculweyo Ngabafileyo Abanombulelo, bonke abanamava phantsi kwempembelelo YELSD. Abaqhubi BE-US baye batyelela KWAYE banefuthe elikhulu kwi-usbubuntu lsd.
Kwakhona kwi-1960s, i-gravitation yabafundi Baseberkeley kunye nabacebisi bamahhala Esan Francisco baye bazisa ukuvela kwendawo yomculo equka iiklabhu zabantu, izindlu zekhofi kunye nezikhululo zomsakazo ezizimeleyo. Inkcubeko yamachiza ekhoyo phakathi kwabaculi be-jazz kunye ne-blues, ebandakanya i-cannabis, i-peyote, i-mescaline kunye NE-LSD yaqala ukukhula phakathi kweemvumi kunye namatye.
Ngelo xesha elifanayo babona abaculi ngokuthe ngcembe babhekisela ngokucacileyo kwisiyobisi kwaye babonisa amava abo E-LSD kumculo wabo, njengokuba kwakuboniswe kubugcisa be-psychedelic, uncwadi kunye nefilimu. Le ndlela ikhule ngokuhambelana E-US NASE-UK njengenxalenye yemiboniso yabantu kunye namatye. Xa umculo we-pop waqala ukubandakanya izandi ze-psychedelic, yaba yinto eqhelekileyoamandla ezorhwebo. Ilitye le-Psychedelic lalikuphakama kwayo ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yee-1960, kwaye yayisisandi esixhaphakileyo somculo werock kwaye sisebenza njengeyona nto iphambili yenkcubeko ye-psychedelic njengoko ibonisiwe kwiminyhadala kunye nomnyhadala ofana nembali ye-1969 Woodstock festival, ebambe uninzi lwabaculi abaphambili be-psychedelic, kubandakanya Ujimi Hendrix, Ujanis Joplin, Jefferson Airplane Kunye Nesantana.
I-LSD yacwangciswa kwaye yenziwa ngokungekho mthethweni E-US NASE-UK ngo-1966. Ekupheleni kwee-1960, iimvumi ziye zashiya i-psychedelia. Ukubulala okuninzi okwenziwe ngamalungu Omndeni Kamanson kuthiwa isandi seengoma Zebeatles kunye nokufa okubulalayo kwentombazana emnyama Umeredith Hunter Kwi-Altamont Free Concert Ecalifornia yaba negalelo kwi-counter-countercultureukubuya umva.
Okungasemva
I-Psychedelics, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-hallucinogens, yiklasi yezinto zengqondo eziguqula ukuqonda, ukucinga kunye neemvakalelo. Baye basetyenziselwa iinkulungwane ngamasiko emveli kwiinjongo zokomoya nezonyango, kodwa bekungekho kude kube yinkulungwane yama-20 ukuba baqalise ukufundwa ngokubanzi kwaye basetyenziswe kwinkcubeko Yasentshona.
ULWIMILANGUAGE
Enye yeengqondo ezaziwa kakhulu yi-Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), eyaqala ukuhlanganiswa ngo-1938 ngu-Albert Hofmann. Uhofmann wafumanisa iipropati zakhe ze-psychedelic kwi - 1943 kwaye ngokukhawuleza yafumana ukuthandwa kwi-1950 kunye ne-1960 njengesixhobo sonyango lwengqondo kunye nokuhlola.
Ngeli xesha, amanani amaninzi aphawulekayo, kuquka nabalobi U-Aldous Huxley No-Allen Ginsberg, kunyeUgqirha Wengqondo Utimothy Leary, waqala ukuzama I-LSD kunye nezinye i-psychedelics. Baye bathandwa ukusetyenziswa kwe-psychedelics njengendlela yokufumana ukukhanya kokomoya kunye nokwandisa ukuqonda komntu.
Uphando kunye nonyango
Esinye sezifundo zokuqala kunyango lwe-psychedelics saqhutywa ngugqirha wengqondo kunye no-Psychoanalyst Ugqr Humphry Osmond kwiminyaka ye-1950. U-Osmond kunye neqela lakhe balawula I-LSD kwizigulane ezinotywala kwaye bafumanisa ukuba banceda abaninzi babo ukuba banqobe umlutha wabo. Oku kwakhokelela kuphando oluthe kratya malunga nokusetyenziswa kwe-psychedelics kunyango lomlutha kunye nezinye iimeko zempilo yengqondo.
Ngeminyaka yoo-1960, isazi ngengqondo Ugqr Stanislav Grof noogxa bakhe baqalisa ukusebenzisa ILSD kwiiseshoni zonyango lwengqondo ukunceda abaguli abaneengxaki zengqondo.iimeko ezahlukeneyo, kubandakanya ixhala, uxinzelelo, kunye nesifo soxinzelelo lwasemva kwentlekele (PTSD). Grof wafumanisa ukuba LSD yanceda izigulane ukufikelela iingxaki ngokweemvakalelo enzulu nengqondo kunzima ukufikelela ngokusebenzisa iindlela zonyango zemveli.
Ngeli xesha, amagcisa amaninzi, ababhali, kunye neemvumi baqala ukuzama i-psychedelics, bebona njengendlela yokucofa kubuchule babo kwaye bafumane iimbono ezintsha kwihlabathi. Incwadi ka-Aldous Huxley ethi " Doors Of Perception "yachaza amava akhe ngomescaline, kwaye ingoma Yebeatles ethi" Lucy Esibhakabhakeni Kunye Needayimane " yayicingelwa ukuba iphefumlelwe YILSD.
Nangona kunjalo, njengoko ukusetyenziswa kwe-psychedelics kwanda ngokubanzi, ukukhathazeka malunga nokhuseleko lwabo kunye nokubakho kokuxhatshazwa kukhokelela kulwaphulo-mthetho E-United States kwayengenxa yoko, kwamanye amazwe amaninzi kuma-1970. Oku kwazisa uphando oluxhaphakileyo lwezenzululwazi kwi-psychedelics ukumisa ukuhlola amashumi eminyaka.
Bekungekho kude kube ngama-1990 ukuba uphando lwezenzululwazi kwi-psychedelics lwaqala ukuqala kwakhona, kunye nezifundo kwisithako esisebenzayo "kumakhowa omlingo", i-psilocybin. Uphando lubonisa ukuba i-psilocybin inokunceda ukunciphisa iimpawu zoxinzelelo, ixhala kunye NEPTSD.
Izifundo zamva nje zikwabonise iziphumo ezithembisayo zokusetyenziswa kwe-psychedelics kunyango lomlutha. Uphononongo olwenziwe ngo-2018 lufumanise ukuba idosi enye ye-psilocybin incede i-80% yabathathi-nxaxheba bayeka ukutshaya, kwaye uphononongo luka-2020 lufumanise ukuba idosi enye ye-psilocybin inciphise ukuxhomekeka kotywala kwi-60% yabathathi-nxaxheba.
Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, kukho ukuvuselelwainomdla kwi-psychedelics, eqhutywa ngokuyinxalenye ngophando olutsha olubonisa ukuba banokuba nezibonelelo zonyango. Ngo-2020, I-FDA inike igama "Lonyango Lokuphumelela" kunyango lwe-psilocybin loxinzelelo olunganyangekiyo, oluya kukhawulezisa ukukhula kunye nokuphononongwa kolu nyango.
Ngenxa yoko, inani elikhulayo labaphandi kunye neeklinikhi lifuna indlela ekhululekile ngakumbi ekufundeni nasekusebenziseni i-psychedelics. Bathi izithintelo ezikhoyo kuphando zithintela oososayensi ukuba baphonononge ngokupheleleyo amandla onyango kwezi zinto.
Ngelixa uphando lwangoku kwi-psychedelics lusekwizigaba zayo zokuqala, kucacile ukuba ezi zinto zinamandla okuguqula intsimi yengqondo kunye nempilo yengqondo. Nangona kunjalo, kubalulekileqaphela ukuba i-psychedelics ayinayo ingozi kwaye ayifanele isetyenziswe ngaphandle kolawulo olufanelekileyo lwezokwelapha.
Ngaphandle kwezithintelo zangoku, inani elikhulayo labantu liye laqhubeka nokusebenzisa i-psychedelics ekukhuleni komntu kunye nokuhlola ngokomoya.
Isishwankathelo, i-psychedelics isetyenziselwe iinkulungwane ngeenjongo zokomoya nezonyango. Baye bafumana ukuthandwa kwinkcubeko Yasentshona ngekhulu lama-20, kunye namanani amaninzi aphawulekayo axhasa ukusetyenziswa kwabo. Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yokukhathazeka ngokhuseleko, baphulwa umthetho kuma-1970 kwaye uphando malunga nokukwazi kwabo unyango lwaphela. Kule minyaka idlulileyo, kuye kwakho ukuvuka komdla kwi-psychedelics, eqhutywa yinxalenye yophando olutsha olubonisa ukuba banokuba nezibonelelo zonyango.
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